Rights for the people created by denying the government power

Segregation

Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)
- Is a black man on free soil free from slavery?
- Taney said no because slaves are not citizens
Civil War Amendments
- 13th Amendment
  - Ends slavery
- 14th Amendment
  - Equal protection under the law
  - Birthright citizenship
- 15th Amendment
  - Voting rights for African American men
Just because the south loses the war doesn’t change their opinion on African Americans and their social standing
Jim Crow Laws
- Segregations
  - All aspects of daily life are segregated
- Deny political rights + African Americans
  - Poll taxes, literacy tests, etc
Plessy v Ferguson
- It is constitutional to have separate but equal facilities for the races
- “one drop of african american blood makes you african american”
- Lone dissenter was Marshal Harlan
  - KKK
    - Domestic terror organization that aimed to subjugate African Americans and keep them from exercising their political rights
Brown v Board of Ed
- Oliver Brown tries to enroll his daughter in white school that is closer to his house and is denied
- Marshall chose to challenge separate but equal precedent
- Used “Doll Study” to show psychological effect of segregation
- Unanimous decision overturned Plessy
Brown II
- Urged state compliance with “all deliberate speed”
- 10 years later 98% of African American children in the South still attended segregated schools
Everything is extremely vague

Civil Rights Movement

Brown decision did not end segregation in the South and with the exception of Eisenhower sending troops to de segregate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas
Social movement
Civil disobedience
- Breaking laws civilly on purpose to prove a point
Montgomery Bus Boycott
MLK - Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- Nonviolent civil disobedience
- 1963 violated Birmingham’s ban on protest and is thrown in jail
- “White Clergymen Urge Local Negroes to Withdraw from Demonstrations”
- Urge moderation, end of protest and civil disobedience
  - King’s Response - Letter from Birmingham Jail
  - White moderate

~~Fill in~~

We want what you have and it doesnt take away from you
Everyone supported it because they knew someone gay
- Became a social norm over time

Protests continued in the south
Freedom Riders
Effect of media on public opinion
Political pressure on Democratic Party and the importance of the Black vote
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Authorized the federal government to withhold grants from districts that did not integrate schools and to sue school districts that failed to desegregate
- Outlawed racial segregation in schools in public places
- Outlawed empliyment discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, national origin, or sex
Voting Rights act of 1965
- Outlawed literacy tests and authorized the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative locations. Southern states needed pre-clearance from the federal government before they changed their voting laws and practices
  - Pre-clearance overturned in 2013 by Supreme Court as a violation of the Tenth Amendment

First Wave
- Involved womens suffrage
- 19th amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920
Second Wave
- Addressed inequalities, violence, and sexual harassment
- Betty Friedan “The Feminine Mystique” - 1963
  - National Organization for Women
    - From anti discrimination to full participation in society
    - Title IX - 1972
      - On the basis of sex, no person shall be excluded from participation or denied the benefits from any educational activity receiving federal funding - women’s sports
    - Equal Right’s Amendment - 1971 - not passed
      - 14th amendment and title 7
    - Supreme Court and Gender
      - Intermediate scrutiny - for the law in question to survive, the govt must prove that there is a legitimate govt objective and that the law is substantially leading to that govt objective
        
        Military draft registration
      - Sexual Harassment and the court
        
        Quid pro quo (sex for jobs or benefits) and hostile work environment (employer knows but doesn’t try to stop it)